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Quark-Gluon Plasma

A millionth of a second after the Big Bang, the universe was an incredibly dense plasma, so hot that no nuclei nor even nuclear particles could exist. Read More »


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Rob Semper

Rob Semper is the Executive Associate Director of the Exploratorium, a science museum in San Francisco. Read More »


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Physics Buzz Blog

Large Hadron Collider: Colder Than Deep Space

Monday, July 21, 2008

Everyone's favorite particle smasher, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has almost reached 1.9 Kelvin (-465F), colder than deep space. Never before has a physics experiment so enormous and complex been operated at such extremely low temperatures.It contains 7,000 magnets that will be maintained at colder than space temperatures using liquid helium, in order to make them superconducting. The magnets are arranged in a ring that runs through the underground tunnel.Cooling the Collider is a process th.. Read more »